Resource use among patients with diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, or diabetes with depression

Table 4 Medical Costs

Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) Cohort Compared to Diabetes (DM) Cohort
Cost Component	Comparative Costs	P Value
Total Direct Medical Costs	$4819.29 v $24,764.91	*
Inpatient Costs	$1,004.78 v $7,282.16	*
Outpatient Costs	$2,548.09 v $14,137.98	*
ER Costs	$178.28 v $889.25	*
Pharmaceutical Costs	$1,098.28 v $5,622.53	*
Diabetes-Related Total Direct Medical Costs	$1,296.79 v $5,125.10	*
Diabetes and Depression (DD) Cohort Compared to Diabetes (DM) Cohort
Cost Component	Comparative Costs	P Value
Total Direct Medical Costs	$4,819.29 v $19,397.59	*
Inpatient Costs	$1,004.78 v $3,644.51	*
Outpatient Costs	$2,548.09 v $10,895.46	*
ER Costs	$178.28 v $833.85	*
Pharmaceutical Costs	$1,098.28 v $6,526.86	*
Diabetes-Related Total Direct Medical Costs	$1,296.79 v $3,263.81	*
Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) Cohort Compared to Diabetes and Depressed (DD) Cohort
Cost Component	Comparative Costs	P Value
Total Direct Medical Costs	---	NS
Inpatient Costs	$3,011.01 v $4,167.12	**
Outpatient Costs	$8,109.09 v $8,861.53	***
ER Costs	---	NS
Pharmaceutical Costs	---	NS
Diabetes-Related Total Direct Medical Costs	$2,783.23 v $3,455.54	*

Results from ordinary least squares, stepwise regressions controlling for age, sex, region, insurance type, and comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and obesity) using log of costs as the dependent variable.
*P-value ≤ 0.0001; **P-value ≤ 0.001; ***P-value ≤ 0.05

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